The World Wide Web is constantly evolving and has witnessed many high reaching developments in recent years. And one of these developments is the advent of e-learning portals. A website can be made to support a learning environment with the use of an E-learning application. With such applications, a trainer can make and assign lessons, interact in a virtual environment with the students or trainees and even arrange a web video conference. The takers of e-learning concepts have now expanded from educational institutions to corporate enterprises which use the online learning environment to give training to staffs that are remotely based. And with the popularity of E-learning concept increasing, the onus is on web application development companies to come out with new and improved e-learning applications which will make the e-learning environment even more viable. And in this endeavor, developers find open source website and web application frameworks of great help. And with open source web solutions being cheaper, they come across as an economical option for hundreds of small to medium level E-learning businesses.

DotNetNuke is one of the popular open source web application frameworks which can be used to develop websites which are dynamic and interactive. Hence it is also suited for developing e-learning websites. It comes with a fully functional content management system which features and functionalities can be expanded through creation of customizable modules. DotNetNuke consulting services are offered by many companies which specialized in open source web based development. They offer their services in developing website with DotNetNuke, upgrading and existing website with DotNetNuke, customizing DotNetNuke modules, DotNetNuke configuration and installation.

Joomla is another open source CMS and web application framework which has found popular acceptance with the programmers, publishers, as well as the end-users. It comes with many utility features which include RSS feeds, news flashes, polls, calendars, blogs, page caching etc. Moreover there are hundreds of downloadable plug-ins which can extend the features and functionalities of Joomla. No wonder Joomla website development is offered by maximum of web application development agencies. Many such service providers are also available in offshore countries such as India.


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Since the early stages of the 2008 political campaigns in the United States, outsourcing stood out as a controversial and politicized topic. Politicians voiced their concern over outsourcing and its adverse impact of moving jobs to foreign destinations. According to Alsbridge research, over 80 percent of the business process outsourcing and call centers in India are owned or controlled by U. S. companies. Naturally, regulation leaning toward discouragement or even an outright ban of outsourcing would be devastating to the industry and local foreign economies. However, as the election campaign moved on, remarks that were voiced against offshoring/ outsourcing started getting milder. Even the strongest opposing voices started saying, “Outsourcing to India and China is irreversible,” which brought relief to millions of call center and BPO employees. However, the mood and sentiments changed again during the last leg of the campaign and various measures like tax benefits and incentives were promised for the industries not opting for outsourcing. The growing rate of unemployment in the United States is most definitely concerning to everyone, but the million dollar question that still remains unanswered is, â??Will outsourcing be banned?â? The majority of experts feel that the â??anti-outsourcingâ? message is well-received by the public during electoral campaigns, but putting these words into action may not be all that simple. Ganesh Natrajan, the chairman of the National Association of Software and Services Companies, says, “We should not worry about any ban on outsourcing, as it is just not going to happen. Incentives to job creation in America will be helpful in retaining jobs in America, but it should not have any adverse impact on [the] outsourcing industry. ” Another way of looking at this situation is to answer some simple questions. Can America afford to lose billions of dollars they save every year from outsourcing jobs to foreign destinations? Will anyone take such a step that will hit the American economy the most during this precarious time of global meltdown? American business understands the importance of outsourcing to the American and global economy and the level of cost relief provided by information technology, information technology enabled services and BPO sectors. The bottom line continues to be the same â?? in order to remain competitive, the American industry must continue to migrate repetitive and non-core functions offshore while continuing to innovate and grow the core businesses.


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Since the early stages of the 2008 political campaigns in the United States, outsourcing stood out as a controversial and politicized topic. Politicians voiced their concern over outsourcing and its adverse impact of moving jobs to foreign destinations. According to Alsbridge research, over 80 percent of the business process outsourcing and call centers in India are owned or controlled by U. S. companies. Naturally, regulation leaning toward discouragement or even an outright ban of outsourcing would be devastating to the industry and local foreign economies. However, as the election campaign moved on, remarks that were voiced against offshoring/ outsourcing started getting milder. Even the strongest opposing voices started saying, “Outsourcing to India and China is irreversible,” which brought relief to millions of call center and BPO employees. However, the mood and sentiments changed again during the last leg of the campaign and various measures like tax benefits and incentives were promised for the industries not opting for outsourcing. The growing rate of unemployment in the United States is most definitely concerning to everyone, but the million dollar question that still remains unanswered is, â??Will outsourcing be banned?â? The majority of experts feel that the â??anti-outsourcingâ? message is well-received by the public during electoral campaigns, but putting these words into action may not be all that simple. Ganesh Natrajan, the chairman of the National Association of Software and Services Companies, says, “We should not worry about any ban on outsourcing, as it is just not going to happen. Incentives to job creation in America will be helpful in retaining jobs in America, but it should not have any adverse impact on [the] outsourcing industry. ” Another way of looking at this situation is to answer some simple questions. Can America afford to lose billions of dollars they save every year from outsourcing jobs to foreign destinations? Will anyone take such a step that will hit the American economy the most during this precarious time of global meltdown? American business understands the importance of outsourcing to the American and global economy and the level of cost relief provided by information technology, information technology enabled services and BPO sectors. The bottom line continues to be the same â?? in order to remain competitive, the American industry must continue to migrate repetitive and non-core functions offshore while continuing to innovate and grow the core businesses.


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Copyright (c) 2008 Ianson Internet Marketing
The impact of the economic downturn on employment in the Food Industry today is worldwide. The US processed food sector had steady growth in the ten year period after 1997, with slight decline near the end. Many employed in the food manufacturing industry are multinationals. Growth in processed food goods can be attributed to several factors, including two income families, less time at home for food preparation, and more take home and restaurant food purchases. Over that ten year period, the value of food shipments increased about 27 percent.
Many smaller food manufacturing companies are hit harder by economic downturns. They employ fewer people in food jobs; pay more for food products, deliveries, and for manufacturing costs than large companies. The few large companies hire more multinationals, who account for about a third of all food industry jobs. About 89 percent of the smaller companies have less than 100 workers. Many smaller companies are swallowed up in acquisitions by large companies.
The impact of the economic downturn on employment in the Food Manufacturing Industry affects automation and technology purchasing also, as these allow companies to operate at even higher output levels with fewer employees, adding to less employment in food manufacturing jobs. Employment in that ten year period declined about 5 percent. Wages and salaries showed virtually no increase when compared to the general economy (US) which had a projected growth of 11 percent.
Supermarkets have added more prepared meals to their shelves, and people want ready to serve snacks and frozen entrees. This demand is caused by two parent or single parent working families who have possibly more income yet less time for food preparation. It is not uncommon for families to eat out several times a week on a regular basis instead of just on special occasions. An aging population and a dieting population has also contributed to the demand for convenience foods, ready to eat, and restaurant foods. As ethnic populations of countries change with immigration, so do demands on the food manufacturing industry. A green trend towards eating locally produced food, organic foods, and medical allergy problems also affect food product demands and manufacturing costs.
Rising cost of fuel such as gasoline has also caused the impact of the economic downturn on employment in the Food Manufacturing Industry. A worldwide jump in costs for grains and vegetables has caused shortages of certain products and high prices everywhere. Some industries, like milk in the UK, are cutting back products and employment as costs rise. The fight over corn and grains for food or fuel has costs skyrocketing, with a boomerang effect on items like beef, which not only has encountered rising costs for feed, but transportation and processing. The plumping of humans causes another increase in vegetable prices, as people want more products; it is a supply and demand plus costs situation there.
Rising cost of ingredients has put the hammer down on small companies, like mom and pop bakeries or bagel companies, because they are unable to absorb high prices of ingredients like flour or wheat. They raise prices, and may lay off employees to combat costs, where the larger producers can find ways to absorb increases in commodity prices. Combine the stress of food product demands with rising energy costs and any adverse weather conditions, and the industry cannot help but feel the pinch and react by lowering employment overall.
During the past few years, there have been several catastrophic weather events, such as hurricanes, tsunamis, and earthquakes, which have wreaked havoc in people’s normal living conditions. The ability to obtain food, and to grow food is impacted by this, and with higher energy costs and higher food demands worldwide, the cost of all food products has risen. Competition between animals and humans is another factor, and so is competition between animal food stocks and fuel demands. Alternative energy sources, like solar and wind, and hybrid engines are one answer. To use food for fuel seems to go against basic human sensibilities and interest. Using corn and wheat to power machines instead of humans will only increase food prices and lessen employment in the industry.
For the future, there is widespread demand to get away from high costs of oil fuels, and to develop “free” fuels for powering machinery and electricity. Food production technology is an ongoing science that does increase output per acre, a major benefit to the world food supply. The weather, however, is beyond control. All that can be done in that area is better long term forecasting, and crop science improvements in output and planting techniques. There should be some increases in worldwide employment in those areas. The Food Manufacturing Industry, like many others in this modern age, must adjust and revise plans and make improvements to maintain its lifeblood.


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Many often point to China’s meteoric rise to power but South Korea deserves investor’s attention offering under-rated values and long-term economic stability. Certainly, it will stand to benefit from continued recovery in China, Japan and US. South Korea adopted numerous economic reforms in early 2009, amid the global financial crisis; including greater openness to foreign investment and imports.  

Several key factors pop-out while researching South Korea. For example,

- South Korea growth on track at 7% GDP, 2010

- Total deficit to 2% of GDP, it’s $ 825 billion in annual GDP

- High-quality educated and IT wired population of 38-million Internet users. Its per capita income in purchasing power-terms now $28,000 and closing on Japan at $33,000

- Smart economic leadership, early on in global financial crisis it setup $15-billion re-capitalism fund and stabilized its currency arranging $90-billion guarantees with USA, Japan and China then extracted maximum funds with very little debt.

- Early on it used targeted fiscal stimulus to focus heavily on job creation and sustainable business developments. South Korea’s unemployment rate is 3. 6%, Q1 2010.    

South Korean’s challenges include; The South Korean economy’s long term challenges include a rapidly aging population, inflexible labor market, and overdependence on manufacturing exports to drive economic growth. Its labor force stands at about 24. 4 million people. The sector workforce occupation breakdowns include;

Agriculture (7. 2%)

Industry (25%)

Services (68%) 

Further, details show key agricultural products rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs, chickens, milk, eggs and fish. Its top industries include electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, chemicals, shipbuilding, and steel.

Perhaps, you’re familiar with Samsung (SSNLF. PK), LG (LGERF. PK), and Hyundai (HYMLF. PK), among other top South Korea corporations.    

Several companies managed to upgrade their technological prowess even as the recession bit. For example, a consortium led by state-run Korea Electric Power Corp (KEP), beat-out the USA, French and Japanese rivals to a $20bn nuclear power contract in the United Arab Emirates. Seoul predicts it will bag $400bn in nuclear reactor sales over the next 20 years.  

In the automobile manufacturing sector, carmaker Hyundai has warmed its corporate hands on Detroit’s bonfire. Now the world’s fastest-growing auto-manufacturer, it has increased US market share from 3. 7 per cent to 4. 4 per cent in just 12 months. Toyota’s problems will only add to its momentum: it is one of the companies offering a $1,000 discount for a Toyota trade-in.    

Manufacturing exports have come back faster than expected, amounting to almost everything. Korean companies are major suppliers of equipment and materials for building China’s need for an incentive-led extravaganza. His cars, DVD recorders and other electronic goodies is the right price to win market share of greedy consumers. Exporters in emerging markets is their high concentration, which would have helped 70 percent of demand for Korean goods.

Manufacturers have further benefited from a sharp currency realignment that has seen the yen strengthen and, until recently, the won depreciate. “Since the crisis, things have flipped decisively in South Korea’s favor,” says Kwon Goo-hoon, executive director at Goldman Sachs (GS) in Seoul.    

The successes of corporate Korea are being matched by a new diplomatic swagger. Washington’s relations with Japan are rockier than normal because of disagreements over military bases. US-Sino ties are being tested by disputes over arms sales to Taiwan and cyber-security. That leaves South Korea as Washington’s new best friend in the region, a factor that has helped bolster its credentials as this year’s president of the Group of 20.    

South Korea, of course, faces enormous challenges. Its success is too dependent on a clutch of huge conglomerates such as Samsung. These companies still need to prove they are world-class innovators. The service sector is under-developed. The labor market is too inflexible for an economy seeking rapidly to redeploy resources to higher-value industries. Korea’s ride on China’s back could yet prove a liability if its giant neighbor stumbles. It also has one of the world’s most rapidly ageing societies. Unless it can increase productivity, its shrinking labor force holds out the unappetizing prospect of producing Japanese-type growth levels.    

Of course, many of these problems — like those of Japan itself — are products of success. An economy that in the 1960s had a per capita income on a par with sub-Saharan Africa is now snapping at the heels of Britain and France. South Korea is a smart place to look for anyone seeking under-valued investment opportunities.   


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Half a century ago no one could imagine, as well as the experience of growth, China is right now. Then it was just a war-torn country back together with the economy, which is just starting, the most difficult periods in its history. Even a quarter of a century before, were like a sunset period of Mao’s future results and prospects of this country is not the best, he looked really promising. As the beginning of this century is China’s biggest impetus to the development of other countries around the world. Fifty years ago, but no one can evaluate exactly how China would grow. This fact will be driven out any preconditions for the further development of China. But over the past decade, China has become one of the world’s leading companies, production and economic growth. Because it has great potential, a large number of investors choosing to invest their money in China began, the result is seen in China in recent years, the U; berinvestitionen quite dangerous and can easily cause a great place to invest, such as soap bubble just burst. But the country has continued to show adequate results for growth. Beginning of the implementation of economic reforms in China, the country experienced a cycle of economic activity and inflation is led by stage of R & # XFC, were ckgangs. Two cycles were completed in the 1980s a hard landing. He could easily be seen in 1986-1990 period. It began loosening of monetary and fiscal policy, led to problems in state-owned enterprises. In 1988, inflation was as high as 19 percent, look for the government to respond with policy. They are able to compensate for inflation under control, but administrative actions had serious consequences for the allocation of resources. The second cycle began in 1991-1997 with an increase in government investment and the capacity to eliminate the bank’s loan policy. In 1992, China’s investment boom of the front, which is quite similar to that just now was. Investment boom caused the GDP to grow by 14 percent. Demand-led forces, the increase in inflation. The government responded, “16-point plan to cool the economy implemented by 1993. We should be the main points of the plan, interest rates rise, the process of providing loans to the victim ftsbanken central bank more closely and more difficult, and restrict the approval of investment. Strengthening the loss of the end of the 1993rd It was the basis for the high inflation rate in China was held in 1994. It was as high as 24 percent. government actually achieved stabilization of the economy and the inflation rate in 1996 was even REALLY , Less than 10 percent. Although a soft landing was achieved by rapid credit growth have contributed to the weakness of the financial sector today, 1992-1996. Most of the bad loans from the banking system during this time. Speed of sound movement in China has increased substantially in 2003 despite the SARS outbreak. GDP growth of 10 per cent mark by 2003 and to grow at the same pace of the 2004th This was mainly due to the large investment reasons. CPI inflation was higher than The fourth of four per cent in May. overinvestment in some sectors of the economy caused by the high risk of a problem. in response to the Chinese government has fiscal and administrative policies are a bit tighter, in order to avoid the potential U ; lekuumenemist economy. monetary and credit prices have fallen, but they are still about 18 percent per year since mid-2004. Real GDP growth due to export growth. 20 percent of fixed investment in real terms (the highest rate since 1993) increased 44 per cent of GDP. Due to the SARS epidemic, which was in the second quarter of 2003, growth in consumer spending has decreased compared to the 2002nd However, short-term impact of SARS and the state o the time they returned later the same year. export growth in 2003 was 35 per cent a year compared with 22 percent of the 2002nd This happened mainly due to China’s large market share from the major industrial countries. As well as imports, exports showed a large percentage increase, as demand increased, especially for raw materials. CPI inflation rose to 4 percent to 4 May 2004, that growth has resulted in prices of food. If not for rising food prices in the account was a small positive effect on inflation in the economy, as it should be inflationary. t & # xF5, U.S. food prices are also confirmed by the decrease in acreage in the summer, and the draft took place a year ago caused it. Create an extended global economic integration, China’s severe problems in many countries. Over the past 20 years, China’s trade with the two times I & # xE4; r world trade. China is one of the world’s leading trading nations, and 4% of total world trade by 1% compared with the 1980th, despite China’s export and Handelsüberschü; reach into political sensitivity levels and greater emphasis on export-led increase can not be sustainable. even though China is still a relatively closed market for imported goods and imports of services still closed. letting the Chinese import market, mainly in the WTO membership will offer even more M & # xF5; istlikku development and facilitate international tensions resulting from China’s transformation. the importance of China’s foreign trade, particularly in its production chain store in the region rises. China’s exports and imports reached 60 percent of GDP in 2003, and made this country amounts viertgrö & # XDF; you are an exporter in the world.’s growing global importance of Chinese manufactured goods and rising domestic demand for other sectors of China’s economic growth and also led many goods prices. China’s imports, mainly from Asia also had a higher deficit and China’s expanding trade in the region, but sales to the USA and Europe, it’s like to return. overall trade surplus was $ 45000000000 to about 3 percent of GDP growth. China’s international position more stronger. ülejä & Trade # xE4; k half a percentage point in 2003, three and a half percent of GDP. The official reserves increased by $ 162,000,000,000 2003rd foreign debt rose to 200 billion U.S. dollars in 2003, but VA , with exports and GDP growth was modest. until the end of May 2004, the trade deficit with China was $ 9,000,000,000 to $ 2,000,000,000 in surplus, while the P & # xE4; eval last year. XFC fly f & #; s recent investment in local government, which was established in 2002 at the end of a large excess liquidity in China’s Banking & # XFC; system, as is to be encouraged.’s Republic Bank of China has been rapid credit growth, which is easy to see even the beginning of 2003, but was worried that his policy has remained in the SARS epidemic. a substantial increase in capital inflows exacerbated the PBC to implement monetary policy. However, succeeded in this is that the PBC increased the reserve in July 2003 by one percent, and announced the planned growth in 2004 to ½ per cent in April. So they tried to reduce the growth of loans to banks. to prevent the increase of investment in the economy that he has already come, that the government tighten lending standards. LU raised at the end ; hiajalise PBC and Rediskontgesch relending 0 6 & # xE4; feet 0 3 per cent of the rates of March 2004. If China is evolving, as is currently possible under the middle of this century, In fact, he developed the first non-# XDC, Bergant. and at the same time, one of the great importance of the transition from planned to market economy, the market economy. Second, but not in the agrarian & T # xF6; östusriigid country. Last, participatory democracy, at least from the central government. It was not until half a century ago, it was very difficult to predict the development of China’s great that is facing today. & T # xE4; precisely defined as someone did not think that Japan was at a level to ensure that the country is right now, nobody could even pace of development in China. would be predicted to some well-known economic scholars, are expected in this mid-century, China’s economy grew by more than $ 20000000000000 growing, and over four fifths of the U.S. economy. per capita income in China may grow to approximately U.S. $ 12,000, the same Koreans before the Asian financial crisis. GDP only in Hong Kong, Macao and Guangdong would be equal to the GDP of France. RMB Chinese currency is one of the major world currencies, the euro, dollar and yen. If they are informed of progress & C # XF6; nnte Shanghai World Financial Center. Renminbi convertible, with always plenty of people in the world, increase the level of London, Shanghai and New York. New technologies and knowledge are allmän hlich develop a high level of IT integration, building a country. Two generations of Chinese scholars and scientists could be a source of fresh ideas and brilliant innovations. China is a good basis for their future generations, how excellently RANE large number of students the opportunity to go abroad, mainly in Western ideas and worldviews. China is, of course, mo Ned problems, which are very unpleasant consequences, not only the country but also be due to investors. Some of the possible outcomes are likely to malfunction Banking & # XFC; system, as massive unemployment, the reforms are significant difficulties in the level of government enterprises in the environment can be carried out. continued growth rates of China’s creative needs, but also a practical guide. Another great, and the associated # xE4; make the future development of China could be affected by changes in False rtuste citizens. Since most Chinese today, the lifestyle of Europeans, Americans and Japanese, the Chinese are completely different company for thirty years or so. people have a better life, much like the level of the Japanese and Europeans. conclusion, because many of the hopes placed in the development of China’s determination and pragmatism of the management. the Government was changing in a positive or almost twenty years. China has great potential in its younger generation has to learn to be useful to young people abroad and then put them in all their the knowledge that their country is in so many areas still need development. in the best position are those who are in their 20s and 30s. you are running the country for twenty years, when China is a major industrial nation. This is is the center of the world is projected to be as much as in China, it’s just one of the developed countries. China is now faced with one of the most devastating problems that all developing countries, corruption. It is dangerous because it slows the development of the country and it is very difficult to prevent. Despite all the difficulties, China is at a crossroads of its development, it has great pragmatic leaders are able to e v & # xF5; ttes country to a new level. China has great potential in today’s economy to build a 50-century. It is certainly one of the main L & # xE4; founder of the world. It is clear, NU s, China has become the largest trading partner country in the world. Due to its Chinese partner is a great opportunity, one of the representatives of the financial fu world has changed in the world. If China trimmed ; SIB on the same track their progress and keep his speed is definitely a very modern country, and very confident now.


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Today in the era of modern technologies and new equipments people use to find themselves trap in between the clutter of all new tech trash. China trade provides the solution to such people who are stuck into such structural problem of taking decision for buying unique product and service. Villeroy and Boch Traders selling and marketing aspects provide their customer with various new patterns and services in kitchen utensils. China trade follows the suitable strategies to match the offer as according to their customer needs and wants. Depending upon the prevailing economic environments, and social and political situation, these countries were compartmentalized in the following three categories of development, underdevelopment, and least developed. China trade utilized mass communication functions to inform, educated, entertain and persuading the prospective customers. All these four functions are adequately performed in the developed societies. In the modern and fast developing world, mass media are instrumental in disseminating information, transmitting knowledge, providing quickest and most effective means to reach the masses. Thus mass communication can be used as vehicle of development. Despite china trade somatic aspect, financing a new venture frustrates many entrepreneurs. Often they do not know where to begin; if they do know, they go at it haphazardly. Preparing a financial plan for Johnson Bros. enable the china trade to crystallize their thinking on how best to launch their products. It forces them to move logically and systematically from the stage of dreams and ideas to that of concrete action. The centre piece of the business plan is the cash budget, which translate operating plans into dollars. Without a cash budget, the trader has no way of estimating financial needs. To develop a cash budget and trader must first spell out his or her operating plan, defining production, and marketing, staffing, accounting and legal goals. Having estimated how much money is needed to finance the venture, the trader must then decide what fraction of this money should come from investors as equity capital, and from creditor as debit capital. Various sources of raising working capital finance may include trade credit, bank credit, and current credit provisions of non-bank short term borrowing and ling term sources. In the case of developing countries like china, this economic evil of industrial sickness is very costly proportion in terms of loss of employment, under-utilization of capacity, regional imbalance, etc. further, the bank and other financial institutions are greatly affected by industrial sickness in recycling of the funds. Solutions to this economic evil in the form of remedial and preventive steps should be initiated by the concerned parties. The catalytic agents involved in eradicating the evil should pay their efficient role. The trader should not shift their responsibility by blaming labor, input supplier, market and governmental policies, rather realize that the business ultimately has to survive and progress and move forward with new strength.


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Introduction

China, being a newly developed state has a number of issues that it can learn from their Swiss counterparts. This is because Switzerland’s economic, political, social and environmental situations differ significantly from China’s. the essay shall examine these lessons under the our subheadings and an overall recommendation will be given at the end of it.

What can you learn from China’s political situation in Switzerland

The Chinese government has com a long way from its darker days in the eighties where the country had been grappling with an oppressive regime. While Switzerland may not be perfect in this area, China could emulate the Swiss government’s commitment to fighting corruption. In the world accountability index, Switzerland has been ranked as one of the most accountable countries in the globe. According to recent surveys, government officials ensure that tax payer’s money are allocated to the right projects or schemes.  China did not rank very well in this survey thus indicating that the Chinese government still has to tackle numerous cases of corruption within its ranks. By encouraging transparency, then resources will be allocated to those who rightfully deserve them thus propagating economic stability and soundness.

China’s political landscape was dominated by the Communist Party and its regime for more than three decades. This scheme is currently working on the government. Although the government has failed to achieve economic lot, it was not democratic principles. For example, many Chinese side has accused the tyranny of the voters. These groups have argued that fair elections in China, and this is certainly true democracy is kept stopped. Many people have been affected in China, the country was hit by protests against the government. Both employees said the Chinese Communist Party’s stance on industrial relations and workers’ rights. Representatives of government leaders of these protests, arguing that China did not meet the image of the western countries. However, this is the place where the Chinese government is seriously wrong is the reason why people are not happy at all government business in their country and why people seem to Switzerland, more satisfied with their government. The Chinese government, how they operate, the introduction of amendments to a real democracy.

In Switzerland, true democracy is depicted by the fact that this government is one of the mot stable institutions thought out the world. ( Wolf et al, 2007) This is because the system has managed to garner representations from a series of political representatives within the country. These include the following

The country is careful to ensure that the executive has two representatives from each of these parties except the Swiss people party which only has one representative. While this arrangement has not been perfect, it has gone along way in ensuring that the Swiss government’s executive represents the interests of its people. Even when one member has to be ousted, usually, another person coming from a similar linguistic groups and similar party is chosen to represent him/her. This system of government has been in place ever since the year 1959 to date (with some minimal change in 2003).   China should consider such an alternative. They have the option of creating a system that allows true democracy by representing the views of its people. The Chinese system should be altered in such a way that they incorporate people representation in certain arms of the executive. It may not be plausible to ape the entire system but incorporating elements of such a system in the Chinese government would go a long way in instituting economic freedom.

China’s major problem lies in the fact that they do not acknowledge the importance of democratic institutions. The communist party is governed by communist ideals. As it has been seen in other parts of the world such as the Soviet Union, communism only serves to destroy the very people that it intends to help/protect. The Chinese government could learn from their Swiss counterparts in that the rights of the common man need to take precedence. While the Chinese government does not impose its rules directly upon it people, there is considerable evidence to show that it does so behind the scenes. The government should look out for the overall good of the citizen rather than maintaining its personal interests.

China’s policies have also come into question owing to the way the government has tackled some of their opposing forces. A case in point is the issue of Tibet. Tibet and the Communist party have been in constant clashes from as a far back as the twentieth century. In the mid fifties, Tibet came into serious confrontation with the Chinese government thus necessitating the Tibetan leader’s exile. This Tibetan leader has been in constant clashes with the Chinese government advocating for independence of Tibet through peaceful resolutions. The Chinese government’s faults on handling this issue came to the fore when some people were forcefully arrested and injured prior to the 2008 Olympics. This matter brings out the fact that the Chinese government still has a long way to go in terms of addressing the problems of its citizenry. China has severely undermined the rights of the Tibetan people by failing to listen to their leader (The Dalai Lama) regardless of the fact that this leader is in fact looking for peaceful resolutions to the problems between the two groups.

In relation to the Tibetan crisis, the Chinese government could borrow a leaf from Switzerland. When Switzerland is faced with any problems that affect a large number of people, then they usually apply the system of direct democracy. Direct democracy is unique to Switzerland owing to the fact that any member of the nation can change state policies if they can demonstrate firm support for the policy from the rest of the population. All one has to do is garner fifty thousand signatures within a period of one hundred days. The issue is then taken to parliament where it is directed to the people. The nation is usually required to vote on the matter on one day and if the issue receives a majority vote, then it is passed into law. Additionally, Swiss citizens have the right to amend any part of the constitution which they feel does not represent their rights if they can garner one hundred thousand signatures in period of eighteen months. This scheme is called the general initiative and allows citizens to question certain laws. Usually, the government itself has a right to field counterproposal s on the same day that the voting is to take place. It should be noted that the counterproposal is not something that is totally opposite a citizen’s proposal, instead, it is an attempt to change some of the wording of the amendment.  A national vote is usually conducted and if voters decide for the issue, then it is passed.

China is faced with the problem of tackling the Tibetan question. They could institute such a mechanism for this particular only the Tibetan conflict (since it might be difficult trying to create direct democracy within the country for all matters). They could apply similar rules and give the Chinese public the right to vote for or against granting Tibet independence.

What China can learn from Switzerland’s economic situation

Income inequalities are still a very serious issue in China even after its successful years between 2002 to 2007. The reason why these inequalities arose was that unlike the Swiss government, the Chinese governed has a direct approach to controlling the country’s economy. This could be the reason why China is facing some challenges here and there. For instance before the economic boom, the Chinese government had created certain programs that made citizens dependant on the former. Consequently, when the government abruptly changed their stance,  unemployment rates began soaring and income inequalities plummeted. China can adopt the Swiss government’s approach to economic governance. (Economy watch, 2008) The Swiss government rarely makes abrupt policy changes that would destabilize the entire macro-economic system. This is because they realize that doing this may cause short term benefits but bring about greater problems in the long run. (SSE, 2007)

As it is currently, the Chinese economy is still widely driven by certain controllers of capital. When one wants to export commodities from China, they usually have to take advantage of a network of friends or family that are located in other parts of the world (especially within the Asian continent) so as to succeed in foreign market. Usually, these networks are created by individuals who have links to the government; they are the controllers of capital and they ensure that capital remains within their confines. Such an approach to doing business is quite detrimental to the country. Even non governmental organizations formed to check on the government’s mechanisms for controlling trade are state owned. One is therefore left to wonder how any entity can hope to create free flowing economic policies when it is owned by the same entity that it is supposed to check. Some economists have asserted that in China, it is exceedingly difficult to separate the state and the economy as the two are one and the same thing. Such an approach of doing business can be effective when policies created are for the good of the country. But in the long term, this system leaves too much power in the hands of certain well connected individuals who are bound to abuse it.

China could learn from their Swiss counterparts who operate under a free market economy. Issues such as economic networks are uncommon among the Swiss people regardless of the fact that Switzerland engages in a lot of international trade. It should be noted here, that when a corporation is to be set up in another part of the world, then that entrepreneur must operate under the prevailing economic conditions rather than depending on personal connections. This has encouraged equitability in resource distribution and this is on of the reasons why the Swiss economy is very stable.

What China can learn from Switzerland’s social situation

(Economy watch, 2008)

it can be seen above, Switzerland’s population growth rate was 0. 4 % between the years 2005 and 2006. Its growth rate diminished between 2006 and 2007. However, the drop was not too marginal as the country has managed to keep a lid on constant changes in population compositions. However, in China, the same issue has not occurred. China introduced a measure that would reduce population growth rates ad thus introduced the one-child-policy. While this created short term benefits of controlling rising populations, the country’s youth population has drastically diminished. This is one of the reasons why the dramatic years of China’s economy have disappeared. (Brooks and Tao, 2007) China can learn from their counterpart in Switzerland by controlling their population in such a manner that their economy will not be affected by it.

In terms of China’s social system, there are a number of pointers that China could borrow from Switzerland. For instance, they ought to relax government control in religion.   Time and time again, the Chinese government has been accused by international media and local critics of its excessive religious control. The reason behind this is that China perceives religion as a threat to their socialist system. So in response to this, China instituted a mechanism that registers religions. As if this is not enough, the government has instituted policies that governs  the way those religions are run so that they can reinforce their definition of social stability. The Chinese government believes that they ought to look for ways in which they can work together with religions so that they can institute patriotism within those systems. To demonstrate the Chinese government’s instance on this issue, one only has to visit religious seminaries where young leaders are expected to be educated politically and socially as dictated by the government. (John, 2006)

However, the Chinese government could be dragging down their citizens by pursuing such a method, this is because in order to respect the freedom of their citizens, any government needs to realize the fact that politics and religion are separate entities as is the case in Switzerland. Political institutions in Switzerland hardly interfere in the running of religious affairs unless those acts are contravening the rights of other citizens. The Chinese government seems to be operating in fear of religious leaders claiming that these leaders can destabilize the government or even overthrow it. The following quote illustrates just how serious this problem is;

“… Since the 1980s some pernicious organizations have merged in some areas in China illegal and even criminal activities under the shield of religion. Some leaders of these pseudo-religions, religious discoloration lscht doctrines, create heresies, deceive the masses refuse to obey the laws and regulations, and to incite people to overthrow the government ”

(Chinese governed White paper , 1997)

The latter assertions only serve to create an atmosphere of tension between the Chinese people and their governors. A much safer approach would be the Swiss methodology. This country ensures that their respective citizens can follow and religious denomination that they wish. Even in state owned institutions, the same practice is followed. In Switzerland, children are taught religious subjects; however, those who come from different religions do not have to attend those classers. Additionally, the country recognizes the fact that atheists do exist and those who come from such backgrounds are not required to attend class. This example illustrates just how much the Swiss government is committed to religious freedom. Additionally, the Swiss constitution is the overriding determinant of religious practices. No single individual (including government officials) are allowed to oppress another person’s right to freedom of religion. In this country, no one is above the law. However, in China, it seems as though the constitution seems like a side show when the government has decided to take a stance on a certain religious issue. China should follow Swiss’ example by making all government officials and representatives accountable through the constitution. (ICRF, 2002)

Switzerland’s respect for other person can be seen by the fact that the government has created a number of organizations that facilitate meditation of such issues in cases where oppression of people’s rights occur. These projects include

The Swiss government recognizes the fact that society will always have divisions. One of the most prevalent cases is racism, which the government has tackled through the latter mentioned programs. The Federal Service for Combating racism was set up by the Swiss government to deal with anti Semitism within society. This organization is found in all the twenty six states/cantons of Switzerland. Consequently, it is now possible for victims of racial prejudice to get help from these government institutions. The latter program was instituted in the year 2002. It began performing its function by creating local centers that would make it easier for victims of religious or racial prejudice to report their cases and seek counseling. In order to demonstrate the government’s commitment to the issue of eradicating religious or racial discrimination, the government allocated fifteen million Swiss Francs to be used in those local centers during the year 2002.

The Chinese government may come from such an experience through the creation of systems that learn to improve the racial or religious responsibility. However, since the issue of religion is more urgent than in any other form of discrimination (Ze, 2008), the Chinese government might also look at ways to establish such a program. They could only begin to change their Constitution, in order to make room for the fight against religious discrimination. They should be the constitution of the Supreme Court in relation to other stakeholders. A neutral party can rely on these cases of discrimination, and where public officials have been convicted, are the same, they should be ousted from their positions. This is a neutral coordinating body can inform the public about the availability of such mechanisms. It also can be confirmed, and ensure that those who are brave enough to understand the religious discrimination is being protected from persecution. Religious freedom is a big problem in China’s economy, but the Swiss model, China is the establishment of five major human rights.

What China can learn from Switzerland’s environmental situation

Environmental controls in Switzerland are some of the most efficient in the world. This is because the government has demonstrated their commitment to fighting environmental degradation. The Chinese poplutaion harbors some of the highest numbers of consumers in the world. This also means that such individuals are bound to affect their environment to a greater extent than their counterparts in Switzerland. The Chinese government has tried instating mechanisms that curb excessive environmental degradation but it appears as though these mechanisms are not in line with the prevailing situation on the ground. (Jung, 2007)

In terms of wood consumption, China has been accused of felling a large number of trees in Brazil in order to feed the needs of its paper industries. The government has not done anything to curb this problem. Additionally, industrial emissions from this country are also at soaring levels owing to the fact that it is major export hub. Some of the most common household commodities in the world are made in China. So far, the Chinese government has introduced only minimal measures that could assist in controlling the levels of these emissions.

China could learn from the Swiss environmental laws because the latter government has carbon limits for various emitting sources. Also, industries that require scarce raw material, must demonstrate environmental accountability by depicting public good will. (Ortalano and Ma, 2000)

In terms of energy use, China has a huge demand for gas used to drive their automobiles. Most of these automobiles have little or no room for filtering carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Also, Chinese consumers have not considered some of the fuel saving methodologies that they could use to curb excess green house gases in the atmosphere. The Swiss government has been very keen on this and their approach could serve as lesson to the Chinese government in the future. In Switzerland many automobiles have installed carbon filtering devices and thus emit minimal carbon into the atmosphere.

Conclusion

Switzerland is politically, economical, socially and environmentally stable. It has also been recognized as a first world state for a much longer period than China. Consequently, the latter have a lot that they could learn from the former. The main political lesson that they can learn from Swiss is by instituting greater democracy. The communist party may seem effective externally, but it is greatly hurting it people. Socially, China can learn from Switzerland by curbing religious discrimination. This can be done by creating laws that hold the government accountable. Economically, China can learn from Switzerland by separating politics from the economy as is the case today in China. Lastly, the Chinese government ought to be more vigilant about its environmental polices like their counterparts in Switzerland. (Ortalano and Ma, 2000)

Reference

Brooks and Tao (2007); China’s Labor Market Performance and Challenges, IMF working paper 03/210, International Monetary Fund

John B.   (2006); Understanding China: A Guide to China’s Economy, History and Political Structure, Prentice Hall

Jung W.   (2007); Environmental impact of industrialization in East Asia; Springer Publishers

Loren, C. et al (2008); Growth and Structural Transformation in China, Cambridge University Press

Ortalano, L and Ma, X (2000): Environmental Regulation in China: institutions, enforcement and compliance;  Rowman & Littlefield

(SSE, 2007): China stock market; Retrieved from www. sse. com. cn/ssereport,

Wolf, L. et al (2007); Handbook of Swiss Politics, Neue Zürcher Zeitung Publishing

ICRF (2002): Religious freedom in Switzerland, retrieved from http://www. state. gov/ accessed on 24th September

Ze, H. (2008): The reality of China’s democratic claims, The Guardian, 13th July 2008

Economy watch (2008): The economy of Switzerland, retrieved from http://wwww. economywatch. com/

accessed on 24th September


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