Foundries to expose the tragic history of Apple: iPhone profits of 200% take only 2% of foundry

From April 3 starting at the moment the world since the United States, ipad Steve Jobs another super money-making machines. Apple’s glossy surface in the back, Apple A1189 Battery is a intertwined with the labor interests of sweat and money chain profits.

The chain in the world, there are three parts are closely linked with China: First, about 400,000 mostly born after 1990, young Chinese workers, took to the local minimum wage standard for the base payment of basic salary, in strict secrecy on the production line consumption most of their life beautiful youth; Second, assembly plant represented by Foxconn, and their gross margin is only 2% to 4%; 3 is represented by Science and Technology of Suzhou, build the components suppliers, their margin slightly higher, only about 8%.

Accident

April, Shenzhen, 6:00, groups of bleary-eyed young men from 10 to 12 people in a dormitory emission, rushed into the corridor in public toilets. Here is the Apple OEM assembly plant in China – Shenzhen Foxconn staff quarters area. Although the factory provides work at 8, but the 7:40 clocking shift, morning to be done before such preparations, and from the hostel to the factory for half an hour to go, so employees have to get up at 6:00.

12:00 start eating dinner time requirement is 1 hour. But the production line can not stop, the general can only rest for half an hour.

Foxconn requirement is one day off work for six days, but Apple’s pressure, often 13 days off the day, this staff a lot of pressure, while not in line with Chinese law. But informed sources disclosed that Apple demands foundries business undertaking entered into, that leave this way and its own does not matter.

6th September each year, out orders from Apple, and then recessed. OEM companies are forced to cut, people will start. Foxconn is a social plan for people. These monthly salary amounting to OEM business, the cost is not Apple.

Apple’s products because of the external surface of the treatment process requires very high, the need for rigorous polishing the surface, as most OEM enterprises are the venues and conditions and other reasons, many women are full of hands Xuepao.

July 2009 so far, Apple factory in China on behalf of hundreds of Dell Inspiron 6400 Battery have an accident close to public records.

In all these cases, the most serious in a number of joint construction of hexane “collective poisoning and Foxconn” Sun Danyong jump to the building. ”

2 months late this year, hundreds of employees, build technology, “hexane” intoxication, as of February 26 the data show that in the “hexane” poisoning incident, directly or indirectly involved 2,742 employees, a total of 134 people were impact.

In addition, “hexane” event, Foxconn’s “Sun Danyong jump from a building” is also widely reported by the media.

16th 2009 3:00 pm Foxconn workers Yong Zhao Sundan Longhua 12th base of the building Floor, Lee Gardens jumped A3. responsible before the accident, Sundan Yong Foxconn Apple iPhone (wireless Internet), the fourth generation of the N90. 10th Jul sent, received, Apple products, a total of 16 prototypes, but Apple’s end, only 15 units.

July 13, Fuji Kang Guanlan Apple Prototype & T Park was found missing and reported to the Sun Danyong where the business group Environmental Safety Division. The morning of July 15, Fuji Kang Guanlan Technology Park Environmental Safety Division began a formal investigation, Sundan Yong as the prototype of handling people, was a key survey. That night, Sun Danyong committed suicide.

One condition of anonymity, said the reporter on the industry, before a business once the story took place with Apple, it means wearing a wreath of glamorous, but this may be a “dead ring. ” Its said foundry companies themselves are to review the past few years, he found a law major events foundry business, and Apple basically related.

Hegemony

Who is the “hexane” incident the culprit? Staff to spearhead a joint construction, and a separation of the joint construction of the middle finger points to confused Apple’s hegemony.

The Union built the middle, said in August 2009, build began at Apple’s suggestion to replace alcohol with a solvent to clean the phone screens employees, such chemical agents in China and Taiwan are non-strictly control chemicals. Build a joint staff, said, n-hexane is more economic than ethanol. Apple was reportedly proposed on the grounds that other factories are also available, you can see.

In the joint construction of internal staff’s view, “hexane” incident, the security risks associated building and not been eliminated. The employee said the incident, Apple once again given a new proposal for the use of acetone and other solvents.

An Apple parts suppliers, said Wei Zai short Tigao yield, OEM Chang Shang Ping Guo Hui Jian Yi try the other in China Yijingshiyong De different chemical agents, such as acetone Deng flammable and explosive of high risk products, Suiran yes Zunxun legal regulations in China use, but under the pressure of the order of urgency, often can not make assessments in advance of industrial safety and protective measures.

Said joint construction “hexane” event, HP Pavilion ZV6000 battery Express, Apple’s extreme standards, but the end cost of the health of staff and the driver’s dismissal, while Orders of more than Apple announced it, the construction of a common gene Taiwanese parent company’s share price has increased dramatically the past Wintek.

Much of world public opinion blamed the “Sun Danyong incident” is also accused of Apple related. Informed sources said Sun Danyong tragedy could have been avoided. Apple on behalf of the crash of the Foxconn plant, originally installed the monitoring equipment, but Apple removed to prevent leaks and monitoring equipment, and up around the workshop, which is considered to the staff “manipulate” the opportunity to steal prototype. Later, resulting in the death of Sun Danyong prototype is lost there is no way to verify.

Apple is clearly the place to be criticized more. In addition to interference in the normal production and operation of OEM companies, Apple, through its strong voice, has penetrated into the OEM enterprise and even high-level appointments.

Gou August 2009, the successor to one of the PRO-point line to Hon Hai Jiang Haoliang suddenly from the main activity, Special Assistant positions. Hon Hai is at an early stage, before he came, he worked at Apple for 16 years. Terry Gou, Hon Hai was excavated during the year, after a relative received orders from Apple, it need not.

Informed sources said Hon Hai has been able to win the iPod, iPhone orders, in addition to the company strong foundry services capabilities, Jiang Haoliang is also considered crucial. During his term, from Apple’s orders, created a year contribution to the overall revenue of Hon Hai Group has occupied 10% to 15%.

Jiang Haoliang change jobs once linked with the Sun Danyong event. The source has confirmed that this was the “apple” and is driven by his former club under the stage, the specific reasons for an iPhone just because a small part of cost control, did not listen to Apple’s assignment. It is said to require substitution of the phone directly to find Terry Gou – a general manager to be down, or else do not do business with you.

Similar incidents have also occurred, build upon. The joint construction of the middle said, because the views on some issues with the apple, joint construction of a middle-level cadres were forced out of. Similarly, the required substitutions of phones directly to a joint high-level construction.

Appears in the foundry business, Apple’s dominance is also reflected in its strong culture of secrecy, Apple in order to prevent technology leakage and suffocating security measures taken on behalf of the factory managers and workers to make severe psychological pressure.

In Mission Hills in Shenzhen Foxconn OEM Apple more than 130 base security, and the heavily guarded base, as an industrial stronghold, no workers are required to swipe the door, the security will be on the passengers from the vehicle fingerprint scanning. A staff of anonymity, said: “The security measures around the factory are very close, are required to go through metal detectors. And as soon as any metal objects, will call the police. ”

But not limited to Apple’s demands, informed sources, Foxconn, Apple and so the need for strict confidentiality of client security product line to establish a full-time scale up to four to five people, the whole plant more than three times the number of security, and this requires strict client confidentiality mainly refers to Apple.

Foxconn revealed a left, do iMac and iPhone are two units, in accordance with the provisions of these two veterans of Apple is not between each other, and Apple does not want them to have direct communication channels through the same place before they are to HP pavilion DV6 battery. As for the iMac and iPod production, they do not know each other completely.

The sources said that Apple should be reviewed to near his stubborn and ruthless secrecy based on the so-called Apple this confidential marketing strategy, marketing, such secrecy may help to improve product awareness, but also directly against other similar products and foundry workers and causing injury. Apple released an annual report anonymous workers by their interpretation as a means of marketing.

Minimum wage

Early April of Suzhou, Jiangsu. As always, every day around 5 pm, in conjunction build the plant entrance, shuttle bus to the factory workers lined up outside the strip, the factory doors will open on time at 5:30, when the door slamming open the crunch, shuttle is filed infiltration, those who work at 5:30 work people will take the bus back to the dormitory.

Of course, not all employees will take the initiative back to the dormitory after work, and obedient female employees different, some male employees will choose to work near yo.

Staff told the newspaper, build a “poisoning” and “strike” incident, the male staff because of poor management was included in the management of limited blacklist strokes. Direct reflection of this change in policy to introduce charges, the year after, by the shortage of migrant workers, lack of work, build powerful, so called spontaneous staff briefing, but the men and women are different, “men’s agency fee 200 yuan, but the basic do not; 400 yuan for each woman commission, generosity. “one worker said with a smile, Apple do not increase the audit of such acts, after the male will be the factory of the” rare animals. ”

However, the high commission staff can not dispel the doubts and grievances. For joint construction of the greatest views of the staff is low wages. Still, the building felt the victims. A Taiwan foundry executives said such a strong company like Apple limited the increase in wages. The said restriction is done through two ways, one route through the minimum wage; second, the Forced by foundries.

In China, on behalf of the wages of factory workers were divided Sony VGP-BPS5 battery two parts: First, the basic wage, and second overtime. For overtime, the state expressly provides that the base is strictly linked with the basic wage. Therefore, the overall wages of workers play decisive roles in the basic wage.

From the outside, is deducted on behalf of the plant resulted in lower basic wage of workers, thus limiting the overall treatment of workers, but the top is said to really determine the basic wage of workers is neither local government nor the OEM business, but Apple is a big boss.

“Apple has a lot of foundries in China, has a strong audit team, their OEM business process is very understanding of the domestic laws and regulations, social security system and even on the minimum wage standards around the well known. Apple OEM cost components accounting When most of the local government only in accordance with the provisions of the minimum wage to account for labor costs. ”

Its also said that a direct consequence of this approach is that foundries for profit, not higher than Apple’s standard wages to the workers to open, causing long-term wages are low. So far, Foxconn, general, wages are based on the minimum wage standards, Shenzhen – the basic salary of 960 yuan per month, more than 7 yuan per hour plus overtime. Joint construction in Suzhou, the same is similar to the poisoning incident, joint construction of the basic salary is 850 yuan to local wage standards. After the incident, together building a large area of labor shortage, has been operating staff, build the basic wage of 850 yuan / month adjusted to 1,200 yuan / month, to solve the labor shortage.

In addition, Apple’s strict cost control, post-modern industrial enterprises do not make money, fleece, foundries began Forced staff.

Foxconn, a senior retirement sources, because Apple will in all parts of the industrial chain links, etc. all beaten the division of labor, parts suppliers directly from the Apple longitudinal procurement, which sealed the company’s profit increased foundry space.

The other customers and Apple is clearly not the same. The source said the outgoing Foxconn, HP and Dell are the foundries as their partners, they felt a certain degree with the foundry is share a common lot, so HP will not be too many designated parts only in the main components such as CPU and graphics card manufacturers specify other foundries can provide on the behalf of the factories, “so we brought the profits come. ”

The Quanta have also confirmed that Apple is the most stringent cost control customers. OEM HP and Dell industry gross margin is generally in the 5-8 point. With bulk purchases of parts of profits, the general gross margins in the 8 to 10 o’clock. Maori also amortization Dell Inspiron 8600 Battery fixed assets investment, if managed properly will directly lead to a loss. The senior people in Taiwan, said most of the foundries are in fact OEM Apple the edge of small profits, thus limiting the generation of factory space to improve treatment of employees.


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Synthetic rubber, plastics, rayon, nylon and other synthetic materials were first hydrocarbons, such as developing oil, gas and coal-late 19 th century, but did not not really up to 1900A at the time? Commercial purposes? S. ITA? S hard to imagine, but most of all today? S a? Modern? The kit has only gained popularity over the past 100 years. moved, the fact that most of us clearly remember GEEZER days (before computers and televisions!), where only very few items were made of plastics, synthetic fibers or films.

The first synthetic rubber polymer was created in 1910 and it was not until 1931 that Neoprene was first developed at Dupont. By 1944, during World War II when most of the natural rubber sources were under the control of the Japanese, the United States conducted the Synthetic Rubber Program (1939-1945) and the full scale production of synthetic rubber was initiated in the US. Today, there are more than 20 different varieties of synthetic rubber comprising about 60% of all the rubber produced.

Rubber has unique properties in that it has a high degree of elasticity, memory, and toughness which makes it ideal for tires, belts, gaskets, and thousands of other products including balls. Yes balls; you name the sport and itâ??s probably played with some sort of ball, either totally rubber or partially of rubber thus providing its bounce effect. Even many golf balls contain a solid inner core of rubber wrapped with bands of rubber while baseballs have an inner rubber core wrapped with yarn. Obviously, prior to the advent of synthetic rubber, all of these balls were made of natural rubber.

When we review the history of sport, we find that todayâ??s most popular sports of baseball, basketball, and football are relatively modern sports originating in the 19th century. The history of golf dates back to the 15th century while versions of tennis go back to the 12th century. On the other hand, the predecessor to modern day soccer or rugby dates back for many centuries, perhaps even millenniums. Ancient records indicate that games similar to soccer were played in China, Europe, Mesoamerica, and probably worldwide as long ago as 2,000 BC. There have been numerous ruins excavated in Mexico that clearly reveal a Mesoamerican ball game history dating back to 1,600 BC or approximately 3,600 years ago.

Some of the Mesoamerican ruins that have been recently excavated in Mexico are approximately 100 miles east of Puerto Vallarta in the state of Jalisco. These ruins are located throughout a large semi-circular arc around Puerto Vallarta from the state of Nayarit, through most all of Jalisco, and down to Colima, with the undisputed center being in the Tequila Valley between Vallarta and Guadalajara. The two major sites of Teuchitlan and Huitzilapa are located in the center of this region and easily visited during one of the 10 hour day tours from PV.

These archaeological sites have a number of commonalities, specifically their round pyramids with shaft tombs often referred to as Guachimontes, ceremonial platforms, and large ball fields. The inhabitants of these sites, referred to as being of the Teuchitlan or shaft tomb tradition, were an unknown civilization that existed from 300BC until the collapse of the Teuchitlan tradition sometime between 700AD and 900AD. Other than in this large area of Western Mexico, no other such shaft tombs have been found anywhere in Mesoamerica. Combined with the fact that ball fields abound in these areas, many of the artifacts recovered from the tombs clearly demonstrate the presence of pre-Hispanic ball games.

The main ball game was played on a long narrow field or court; sometimes more than 110 meters long, with seating along both sides. One such court (of the more than 6,000 that have been discovered in Mexico) in the Teuchitlan region is so well preserved that it will be touted as a major tourist destination for the next Pan Am games to be held in Guadalajara in 2011.

It is believed that the original game, known as ulama (from the Nahuatl word â??olliâ? meaning rubber), was invented by the Olmecs (the word Olmec is also believed to be derived from the Nahuatl word â??olliâ?) around 1500BC. The games of ulama are known to be the worldâ??s oldest games ever played with rubber balls. Although the main game of ulama de cadera or hip ulama was played with a small hard rubber ball that was approximately 8 inches in diameter and weighed between 5-7 pounds, variations of the game included ulama de antebrazo or forearm ulama which incorporated a slightly lighter and smaller ball and ulama de mazo or ulama de palo which were played with 15 pound two handed paddles and a 1 pound rubber ball. These games were played either one on one or with small teams of two to five players per team, depending on the game and the field size.

These high speed, dangerous, and often violent games were frequently played from dawn to dusk, providing a spectator sport, an astrological study, and a religious / political engagement for all those that attended. The games, especially hip ulama, were so dangerous that in some of the excavated tombs, all of the unearthed adult male skeletons had broken hips!

You think the Super Bowl, World Series, US Open, Stanley Cup, etc are serious events; well the games of ulama give a new meaning to the word serious! They played for vast amounts of wealth including all of their jewelry, clothing, and animals, their homes, farms and even kingdoms, for their children and wives to be used as slaves by the winners, and most importantly (to them), for their own lives.

Through artifacts, murals, etc. , it has been determined that frequently the loser was sacrificed by being decapitated with an obsidian bladed knife. Other records indicate that upon completion of the game, the losing captain or coach was sacrificed. Some interpretations indicate that it was only the winner that was worthy of this highly esteemed death; that the winner was the fortunate one that got an immediate â??one way trip ticket to heavenâ?. Regardless of which interpretation is correct, human sacrifice (as well as gambling) was an essential element of the game, making it a deadly serious sport; you might even say that perhaps this was the origin of the term â??winner take allâ??! Because death was believed necessary for life to continue, by decapitating the loser, they were ensuring the sun would rise the next day and the corn would grow tall. This violent game of â??you bet your lifeâ? probably wouldnâ??t go over too well today, however during the Late Formative and the Early Classic periods it must have seemed quite logical; if nothing else, it must have been very exciting and entertaining!

To this day, the traditional game of ulama continues to be played in certain areas of Mexico. They have attempted to reproduce the original balls from cheaper, synthetic rubber but have had little success; the players complain they are too hard and lack the proper bounce. Therefore, the more expensive modern latex ulama balls are made by the traditional technique of using boiled rubber sap mixed with other ingredients required for vulcanization. Today, the loser buys dinner whereas in the good olâ?? days, the loser was dinner!

Overall, during your next trip Vallarta, youâ? Ll probably see athletes play football, you can even see how they play basketball, baseball or volleyball. But youâ? Re a couple thousand years too late, if youâ? D like to roam is an exciting game, a game that was clear and literal definition of â? In order to play an unexpected deathâ ????!

Jim Scherrer has owned property in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico for 25 years and resided there for the past eleven years. The mission of his series of 46 articles pertaining to retirement in Puerto Vallarta is to reveal the recent changes that have occurred in Vallarta while dispelling the misconceptions about living conditions in Mexico. For the full series of articles regarding travel to and retirement in Vallarta as well as pertinent Puerto Vallarta links, please visit us at Puerto Vallarta Real Estate Buyersâ?? Agents and click on ARTICLES.


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Ancient China text dateing from Han dynasty have record static electricity:By friction the Amber it can attract the small objects,While they did not make a deep research in it.

some aware of electricity from electric fish,an electric fish is a fish that can generate electric fields. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BC referred to these fish as the “Thunderer of the Nile”.

The Arabs may be the earliest groups who find out the Nature fulmination. They created Arabic
“raad” to refer to fulmination before 15th century.

since Edison invented electric light,elecetrc bring the world a colorful vision.
Electricity is an extremely flexible form of energy, and has been adapted to a huge, and growing, number of uses. The invention of a practical incandescent light bulb in the 1870s led to lighting becoming one of the first publicly available applications of electrical power. Although electrification brought with it its own dangers, replacing the naked flames of gas lighting greatly reduced fire hazards within homes and factories. Public utilities were set up in many cities targeting the burgeoning market for electrical lighting.

Joule heating effect employed in a more direct bulb for use in electric heating. Although this is a versatile and controllable, it can be considered waste, since most of the electricity, heat production plant requires. Several countries such as Denmark, have issued legislation restricting or prohibiting the use of electric heating in new buildings. Electricity is a very practical source of energy for refrigeration and air conditioning representing a growing sector for electricity demand, the impact has been increasingly come to benefit from electric heating.

Electricity is used within telecommunications, and indeed the electrical telegraph, demonstrated commercially in 1837 by Cooke and Wheatstone, was one of its earliest applications. With the construction of first intercontinental, and then transatlantic, telegraph systems in the 1860s, electricity had enabled communications in minutes across the globe. Optical fibre and satellite communication technology have taken a share of the market for communications systems, but electricity can be expected to remain an essential part of the process.

The effects of electromagnetism are most visibly employed in the electric motor, which provides a clean and efficient means of motive power. A stationary motor such as a winch is easily provided with a supply of power, but a motor that moves with its application, such as an electric vehicle, is obliged to either carry along a power source such as a battery, or to collect current from a sliding contact such as a pantograph, placing restrictions on its range or performance.

Electronic devices make use of the transistor, perhaps one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century, and a fundamental building block of all modern circuitry. A modern integrated circuit may contain several billion miniaturised transistors in a region only a few centimetres square.

With the development of lighting technology, people will be much more advanced lighting product group. such as LED lights, LED refers to light emitting diodes. is an electronic resource. Electrically stimulated luminescence from the crystal was observed in the 1907th Introduced a practical LED electronic component 1962nd

Electroluminescence was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat’s-whisker detector. Russian Oleg Vladimirovich Losev independently reported on the creation of a LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Russian, German and British scientific journals, but no practical use was made of the discovery for several decades. Rubin Braunstein of the Radio Corporation of America reported on infrared emission from gallium arsenide (GaAs) and other semiconductor alloys in 1955. Braunstein observed infrared emission generated by simple diode structures using gallium antimonide (GaSb), GaAs, indium phosphide (InP), and silicon-germanium (SiGe) alloys at room temperature and at 77 kelvin.

In 1961, experimenters Robert Biard and Gary Pittman working at Texas Instruments,found that GaAs emitted infrared radiation when electric current was applied and received the patent for the infrared LED.

The first practical visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak Jr. , while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak is seen as the “father of the light-emitting diode”. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improved the brightness of red and red-orange LEDs by a factor of ten in 1972. In 1976, T. P. Pearsall created the first high-brightness, high efficiency LEDs for optical fiber telecommunications by inventing new semiconductor materials specifically adapted to optical fiber transmission wavelengths.

Up to 1968 visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly, on the order of US $200 per unit, and so had little practical application. The Monsanto Company was the first organization to mass-produce visible LEDs, using gallium arsenide phosphide in 1968 to produce red LEDs suitable for indicators. Hewlett Packard (HP) introduced LEDs in 1968, initially using GaAsP supplied by Monsanto. The technology proved to have major applications for alphanumeric displays and was integrated into HP’s early handheld calculators.

Quote:

http://en. wikipedia. org/

http://www. T-Lights. com

 


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Ancient China text dateing from Han dynasty have record static electricity:By friction the Amber it can attract the small objects,While they did not make a deep research in it.

some aware of electricity from electric fish,an electric fish is a fish that can generate electric fields. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BC referred to these fish as the “Thunderer of the Nile”.

The Arabs may be the earliest groups who find out the Nature fulmination. They created Arabic
“raad” to refer to fulmination before 15th century.

since Edison invented electric light,elecetrc bring the world a colorful vision.
Electricity is an extremely flexible form of energy, and has been adapted to a huge, and growing, number of uses. The invention of a practical incandescent light bulb in the 1870s led to lighting becoming one of the first publicly available applications of electrical power. Although electrification brought with it its own dangers, replacing the naked flames of gas lighting greatly reduced fire hazards within homes and factories. Public utilities were set up in many cities targeting the burgeoning market for electrical lighting.

The Joule heating effect employed in the light bulb also sees more direct use in electric heating. While this is versatile and controllable, it can be seen as wasteful, since most electrical generation has already required the production of heat at a power station. A number of countries, such as Denmark, have issued legislation restricting or banning the use of electric heating in new buildings. Electricity is however a highly practical energy source for refrigeration, with air conditioning representing a growing sector for electricity demand, the effects of which electricity utilities are increasingly obliged to accommodate.

Electricity is used within telecommunications, and indeed the electrical telegraph, demonstrated commercially in 1837 by Cooke and Wheatstone, was one of its earliest applications. With the construction of first intercontinental, and then transatlantic, telegraph systems in the 1860s, electricity had enabled communications in minutes across the globe. Optical fibre and satellite communication technology have taken a share of the market for communications systems, but electricity can be expected to remain an essential part of the process.

The effects of electromagnetism are most visibly employed in the electric motor, which provides a clean and efficient means of motive power. A stationary motor such as a winch is easily provided with a supply of power, but a motor that moves with its application, such as an electric vehicle, is obliged to either carry along a power source such as a battery, or to collect current from a sliding contact such as a pantograph, placing restrictions on its range or performance.

Electronic devices make use of the transistor, perhaps one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century, and a fundamental building block of all modern circuitry. A modern integrated circuit may contain several billion miniaturised transistors in a region only a few centimetres square.

With the development of lighting technology, people bring forward much more advanced lighting product. such as LED Light , LED is refer to Light-emitting diodes. is an electronic light source. Luminescence from an electrically stimulated crystal had been observed as early as 1907. The LED was introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962.

Electroluminescence was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat’s-whisker detector. Russian Oleg Vladimirovich Losev independently reported on the creation of a LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Russian, German and British scientific journals, but no practical use was made of the discovery for several decades. Rubin Braunstein of the Radio Corporation of America reported on infrared emission from gallium arsenide (GaAs) and other semiconductor alloys in 1955. Braunstein observed infrared emission generated by simple diode structures using gallium antimonide (GaSb), GaAs, indium phosphide (InP), and silicon-germanium (SiGe) alloys at room temperature and at 77 kelvin.

In 1961, experimenters Robert Biard and Gary Pittman working at Texas Instruments,found that GaAs emitted infrared radiation when electric current was applied and received the patent for the infrared LED.

The first practical visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak Jr. , while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak is seen as the “father of the light-emitting diode”. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improved the brightness of red and red-orange LEDs by a factor of ten in 1972. In 1976, T. P. Pearsall created the first high-brightness, high efficiency LEDs for optical fiber telecommunications by inventing new semiconductor materials specifically adapted to optical fiber transmission wavelengths.

Up to 1968 visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly, on the order of US $200 per unit, and so had little practical application. The Monsanto Company was the first organization to mass-produce visible LEDs, using gallium arsenide phosphide in 1968 to produce red LEDs suitable for indicators. Hewlett Packard (HP) introduced LEDs in 1968, initially using GaAsP supplied by Monsanto. The technology proved to have major applications for alphanumeric displays and was integrated into HP’s early handheld calculators.

Quote:

http://en. wikipedia. org/

http://www. lighting-t. com

 


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Trades fairs are exhibitions where industry leaders showcase new products and services in order to promote them and encourage professional interest in them. During a typical trade fair, new products and services are demonstrated and reviewed and representatives attending the fair get to learn about what products their competitors are manufacturing and what the latest marketing and developments trends are in their industry. Trade fairs are also either open to the public (“Public” fairs) or are for company representatives only (“Trade Only” fairs). Importers and exporters can particularly benefit from attending trade fairs as they are able to determine, respectively, which new products would do well in their countries and which countries their products would sell in. The Canton Fair is a Trade Only show that exhibits products and services in both the consumer and industry sectors and which concentrates mainly on export trade. April 1957 saw the very first Canton Fair being held in the former Sino-Soviet Friendship Building in North Guangzhou. The Friendship Building’s exhibition space was spread over 18,000 sq. m. and was able to contain the entire fair. Several years later the fair was moved to the Liuhua Complex and remained there for many years. Recent fairs have taken place in Guangzhou’s enormous China Import and Export Fair Complex, however, and, with 1,125,000 sq. m. of exhibition space now available – and fully occupied – the fair is now a very different exhibition from that which debuted in 1957. Like previous Canton fairs, the 2010 fair will be organised by the China Foreign Trade Centre and co-hosted by the People’s Republic of China’s Ministry of Commerce and the Guangdong Provincial Government. The fair has shown steady growth in both volume and turnover over the years and thus deserves its appellation of China’s No. 1 Trade Fair. The next fair is due to take place in Spring 2010 and will be the 107th Canton Fair. It will be attended by 48 trading delegations made up of the cream of Chinese industry as well as foreign trade companies, private enterprises and research institutes. The Canton Fair is held every year in Spring and Autumn sessions of three phases each with the first session taking place in April/May and the second in October/November. Each phase usually lasts five days and showcases different product types. It is not for nothing that the fair is known as China’s largest and, during the 206th fair, 188,170 overseas buyers spent 30,470 USD while inspecting products displayed in 55,927 standard booths set up by 21,934 national and 386 international exhibitors. The different phases exhibit products that are representative of different sectors of consumer and industry manufacturing. The 209th fairs first phase showcased products like electronics and household electrical appliances, vehicles and spare parts, chemical products and lighting equipment. The first phase was also home to those booths belonging to the international exhibitors. The second phase included home decorations, gifts and consumer products while the third phase spotlighted medical products (medicines, medical devices and health products), food and native produce as well as clothing and office supplies (specifically cases, bags and recreation products). Read More

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